India reports among the highest numbers of dengue fever cases in the world, with hundreds of thousands of confirmed cases every year — and many more going undetected. The disease follows the monsoon season, peaking between July and November when Aedes aegypti mosquitoes — the primary dengue vector — breed in stagnant water across homes and communities.
Despite being a vaccine-preventable and largely manageable illness, dengue continues to claim lives — mostly due to delayed recognition of warning signs and late presentation to health facilities. This article aims to give you the knowledge to act early.
What Causes Dengue?
Dengue is caused by one of four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito — a daytime biter that breeds in clean, stagnant water. This is why dengue is found in urban and semi-urban settings: water stored in containers, coolers, flower pots, and clogged drains.
Symptoms: The Classic Presentation
Symptoms typically appear 4–10 days after a bite and include:
- Sudden high fever (39–40°C), often called “breakbone fever”
- Severe headache, especially behind the eyes
- Joint and muscle pain
- Rash — appearing 2–5 days after fever onset
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue and loss of appetite
⚠️ Warning Signs — Go to Hospital Immediately
Severe dengue (previously called dengue haemorrhagic fever) is a life-threatening complication. Seek emergency care if you notice:
- Abdominal pain or tenderness
- Persistent vomiting (3+ times in 24 hours)
- Bleeding from nose, gums, or in vomit/urine
- Rapid breathing or difficulty breathing
- Fatigue, restlessness, or altered consciousness
- Sudden drop in fever with sweating and cold, clammy skin
Treatment: What Works
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Management is supportive: adequate rest, oral rehydration (ORS, coconut water, fruit juices), and paracetamol for fever. Avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs — these increase bleeding risk in dengue.
Patients with warning signs need hospitalisation for IV fluids, platelet monitoring, and close observation. Platelet transfusions are indicated only in specific situations — a common myth is that any low platelet count requires transfusion, which is not true.
Prevention: The 5-S Strategy
- Search and destroy mosquito breeding sites weekly
- Self-protection — use repellents, full-sleeve clothing
- Screens on windows and doors
- Safe water storage — keep containers covered
- Seek early medical care at symptom onset
⚠️ Medical Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.
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